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It's where you'll find most of the switches used to start or end communication between connected devices. This digital stratum is all about media, acting as an avenue for node-to-node data transfers of frames-simple containers for single network packets-between two physically connected devices. It's a media layer used to transmit and receive symbols, or raw bits of data, which it converts into electrical, radio, or optical signals. If you've ever had to troubleshoot anything electronic, Layer 1 is where you'd answer the question, "Is it plugged in?" Layer 1 also includes layouts of pins, voltages, radio frequency links, and other physical requirements. OSI Model LayersĪlthough the OSI model has a top-down construction, we're going to start at the bottom - Layer 1 - and work our way up. Now that we've gone over a quick sketch of what the OSI model is, let's start peeling this seven-layer onion. Protocols are one reason why you can send an email from a Layer 7 application like Outlook from your desk in Seattle to someone who uses Gmail in Singapore. Protocols allow each layer on a host to communicate with the corresponding layer on a different host. In this model, a layer in your network works with the layers immediately above and below it, meaning tools in Layer 4 work directly with tools in Layers 3 and 5. The basic reference model is just another way to describe the 7-layer model. The OSI model has two major components: the basic reference model and protocols.
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If someone says, "Well, that's a Layer 7 problem," what they're really saying is that there could be an issue with an application like a web browser. It's also valuable when things go wrong, allowing network operations professionals to pinpoint specific layers to troubleshoot. The OSI Model Explainedįirst conceived of in the 1970s and formalized in 1984, the OSI model isn't a set of hard and fast rules, but it does provide a big-picture view of how networks operate, from physical hardware to end-user applications. In sticking with the structure of the OSI model, we'll start with the basics and then provide more in-depth explanations of each layer, ending with a closer look at one of the most important yet undervalued layers of all. Rather, it's a simple mnemonic device created to help people remember the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model-application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical.īut what is the OSI model, and why is understanding it important to understanding how complex computer networks operate? Short answer: the OSI model allows us to talk to each other about what's happening where in a network. "All people seem to need data processing."Īlthough true, that sentence isn't necessarily a statement of fact.